Introduction
The scriptures teach that both saving money and generously giving money away are good things. They specifically say that saving and investing money for a return over time is wise and that giving an inheritance to your children is admirable. The scriptures also command believers to give generously and go so far to say that money is the root of all kinds of evil and that followers of Jesus are not to store up treasures on earth but in heaven. This could be interpreted as a contradiction, but if the Bible teaches that believers should be engaging in both saving and giving, then managing your finances through doing both seems prudent.
This blog is not written to prove that saving a portion of your money and investing it is biblical (though I believe it is), but rather how to wisely invest some of the money that God has blessed you with. Further, this is written to people who have their finances in order - meaning they already have money to invest, have little or no debt, and are giving generously.
Strategy
Before talking about the specifics of investing, I should be clear to say that the practical applications I discuss are not necessarily biblical, (as the Bible doesn’t give specifics on how to invest) they are simply my own thoughts. Also, investing has risk, meaning there are no guarantees and sometimes what appear to be good decisions don’t have the desired results.
I will address the basic concept of investing through the filter of analyzing value investing principles. I have essentially taken the most important aspects of value investing and attempt to explain them in a straight forward manner. There are many ways to invest in today’s market, but the type of investing that has the longest track record for producing the best results is clearly value investing. Though some say that we’re moving into a new time period where value investing won’t be what it once was based on a fast moving global economy – I believe the proven principles of value investing apply in all markets and in all economies. Value investing is essentially buying good stocks (or portions of companies) that are selling at competitive prices and holding on to them for a very long time. If you have absolutely no time to spend on investing then you may want to simply consider paying someone else to do your investing for you which is essentially investing in mutual funds, bond funds, or any other funds that are designed to follow the major indices. This may be the best route for some, but I think it imperative to explain the fact that this type of investing will at best match the markets performance. I believe that by applying a few proven principles, beating the market by at least a small margin is achievable. That being said, I will go about explaining this strategy by examining companies from three different standpoints: Financials, Industry, and Management. To be sure, there are many other ways of researching companies, but I believe these three filters to be a thorough way of examining the most important aspects of any company.
Financials
Analyzing the financials of a company is probably the single most important aspect of value investing. The philosophy is simply – how much is a company selling for and how much are they worth? If a company is selling for less then they’re worth then buying is a good decision.
Determining how much a company is selling for is simple – simply look at the total price of the company – which is the market cap, or the price the stock is selling for and multiply that number by the number of shares outstanding.
Determining how much a company is actually worth is a much more involved process.
Book Value
Also known as total assets or shareholders equity. If the company completely liquated right now, this is how much they would be worth. Compare this number to the Market Cap - if this number is greater then 1, you have an automatic factor of safety built in – this was coined by Ben Graham (Warren Buffets Mentor). The larger the factor of safety the safer the investment is. All of this can be determined by looking at the balance sheet which every publically traded company is required to make available to the public.
Income
A company must be making money. The easiest way to determine how much money a company has recently made is by looking at the P/E ratio which is the market cap divided by the total yearly income. In general, a P/E ratio bellow 15 is good. Keep in mind that the P/E ratio is just one piece to the puzzle. A company could be doing things like paying down debt or reinvesting their earnings for future expansion which can make the P/E ratio appear much higher (or even negative) then it actually is. Also, just because a company has a low P/E ratio at the moment doesn’t mean that the trend will continue. Their industry and potential for future growth must also be analyzed.
Intrinsic Value
This is a term investors have developed that represents how much they think a company is actually worth taking everything into consideration. This is the tricky part. Often times investors will disagree on intrinsic value, where as book value and cash flow are set numbers that can’t be disagreed upon. There are a variety of ways to go about calculating the intrinsic value of a company – analyzing book value, current cash flow, and reasonable estimations on the future growth and cash flow must all be considered. Warren Buffet has been a huge advocate of making investments based upon intrinsic value. He differs somewhat from his mentor and predecessor Ben Graham, who based everything off book value and cash flow.
Evaluating a companies intrinsic value will take some time and research. There are a number of free online resources available that evaluate the intrinsic values of companies. Using these resources can be a good starting point, but remember – always do your homework and double check the numbers yourself.
Industry
In most industries the potential to make money exists, although some more lucrative than others. That being said, some industries are gradually dying. A good example of this is record stores. Since the creation of the IPOD, sales in record stores have continued to decrease with many stores going bankrupt. In general, pick stocks in industries that have the long term potential to grow. In addition, invest in industries you are familiar with and understand. Don’t over diversify and invest in areas you aren’t familiar with. Warren buffet has often been criticized for not investing in tech companies, missing the big boom of the 90’s – and his response has always been the same “I don’t invest in things I don’t understand”.
Management
Is the company being managed by solid leaders who understand their industry and what future growth will require? Determining good management takes time and research. A good way to go about this is by looking at the board of directors (specifically the CEO). On an individual level what type of experience do they have? What type of track record of success do they have? Have they led well and do they have a vision for the future?
A company’s management will determine their Economic Moat – a term coined by Warren Buffet. Economic Moat is the company’s ability to have an edge over their competitors. What sets a company apart from their competition? Why are they better? What will allow them to dominate their competition in years to come? A good recent example of this is Circuit City vs. Best Buy. Why did Circuit City dominate the 80’s and early 90’s and is bankrupt now, where as Best Buy is currently thriving while both companies are in similar markets. The answer is good management.
Recommendations
Unless you can spend the majority of your time researching and examining stocks, you simply need to have a good regular source of recommendations. There are a number of resources to choose from when determining this. Remember though, you still need to do your own homework – “don’t take someone elses word for it”. A good lead on a stock is a great thing, but you must double check and do the research yourself. This doesn’t mean spending hours and hours analyzing every company you consider, it simply means running every potential investment through a few different tests to see if they measure up to the principles you’ve developed.
Closing Thoughts
Start Researching. Believe it or not, there are many good companies that are selling for less than they are worth. After you’ve selected a solid company based on their financials, industry, and management, watch them closely and wait for a dip in price. Buy and hold on to them for a very long time. Also, don’t invest money that you’ll need in the short term. The market goes up and down and so do good stocks, in the long run however, solid companies beat that market
Above all, do not let investing consume you. Serve Jesus, give generously, be wise with your money, and do not worry – God will provide.